Introduction
The Appalachian National Scenic Trail (APPA) traverses more than 2,170 miles across the highest ridgelines of the Appalachian Mountains, from Georgia to Maine. Along the way it crosses through 14 states, eight National Forests, six National Parks, six Inventory and Monitoring networks, a National Wildlife Refuge, three Tennessee Valley Authority properties, one Smithsonian Institute property, and over 280 local jurisdictions. The Trail is managed in partnership with the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) and its 30 affiliated Trail-maintaining clubs under an extraordinary cooperative management system that provides for an annual contribution of nearly 200,000 hours by more than 5,000 volunteers.
The trail’s length, north-south alignment, changes in elevation, and numerous peaks and ridges it crosses along this ancient mountain chain creates one of the most biodiverse units of the National Park System.
The Appalachian Trail is uniquely situated to serve as a barometer for the air, water, and biological diversity of the Appalachian Mountains and much of the eastern United States. That is what makes the A.T. an attractive place to explore scientific questions, and which lead to the creation of the A.T. MEGA-Transect. To this end, the National Park Service and ATC, in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, and a host of other agencies and organizations, are focusing their energies on assessing, understanding, and monitoring the vast wealth of natural resources present on the Appalachian Trail’s 270,000-acre land base.
The Appalachian Trail is monitored through the Northeast Temperate Inventory and Monitoring Network. The goals of monitoring along the trail include:
- Determine the status and trends in selected indicators of the condition of park ecosystems to allow managers to make better-informed decisions and to work more effectively with other agencies and individuals for the benefit of park resources
- Provide early warning of abnormal conditions of selected resources to help develop effective mitigation measures and reduce costs of management
- Provide data to better understand the dynamic nature and condition of park ecosystems and to provide reference points for comparisons with other, altered environments
- Provide data to meet certain legal and Congressional mandates related to natural resource protection and visitor enjoyment
- Provide a means of measuring progress towards performance goals.
The Challenge
The large, but narrow configuration of the APPA makes a ground-based plot monitoring program logistically and financially infeasible for the National Park Service to implement. In light of that challenge, the North East Temperate Inventory and Monitoring Network developed a data acquisition protocol to track the overall condition of forest resources along the Appalachian Trail using plot-based data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program.
Beginning to implement this monitoring program, we found a lack of
publicly available tools to compute complex, space-time indexed
summaries from FIA data. We created rFIA to address this
challenge. We thank the North East Temperate
Inventory and Monitoring Network and the National Park Service Inventory
and Monitoring Division for their contribution to the development of
rFIA, and for providing technical and financial support to
implement the Appalachian National Scenic Trail forest
health monitoring protocol.
Using rFIA, we leverage the Forest Inventory and
Analysis database to assess the status and trends in forest condition
along the Appalachian Trail and neighboring lands.
Specifically, we estimate the following attributes within ecoregion
subsections which intersect the Appalachian Trail:
- Live tree abundance and biomass
- TPA, BAA, biomass, and carbon by species
- Species diversity of live trees
- Shannon’s diversity, evenness, and richness
- Tree vital rates
- Annual diameter, basal area, and biomass growth by species
- Forest demographic rates
- Annual recruitment, mortality, and harvest totals and rates by species
- Regeneration abundance
- TPA of regenerating stems (<5” DBH) by species and size-class
- Snag abundance
- TPA, BAA, biomass, carbon, relative fraction
- Down woody debris abundance
- Volume, biomass, and carbon by fuel class
- Invasive Plant abundance
- % cover by species
- Stand structural stage distributions
- % area in pole, mature, and late stage forest
Anticipated use of results
-
Adaptive Management and Science
- Provide sound scientific baseline and trend information about environmental conditions on the Appalachian Trail to help inform practice and science
-
Public Policy and Action
- Utilize large-scale data sets to inform the public and influence decisions
-
Public Engagement and Education
- Involve citizens and use the Appalachian Trail’s iconic status to convey key findings to the public.
Get the Data!
Download all data, code, and results from this project HERE!
Live tree abundance and biomass
We used rFIA to estimate average abundance and biomass
of live trees (\(DBH >= 12.7 cm\)),
with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion subsections which
surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We produced estimates
for each FIA reporting year which was common among all states included
in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of 2008).
Species diversity
We used rFIA to estimate average species diversity
indicies for live trees (\(DBH >= 12.7
cm\)) at alpha, beta, and gamma levels, with associated sampling
errors, within ecoregion subsections which surround the Appalachian
National Scenic Trail. We produced estimates for each FIA reporting year
which was common among all states included in the analysis (2005-2016,
with the exception of 2008).
Structural stage distributions
We used rFIA to estimate forest structural stage
distributions, with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion
subsections which surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We
produced estimates for each FIA reporting year which was common among
all states included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of
2008).
Tree vital rates
We used rFIA to estimate average growth rates for live
trees (\(DBH >= 12.7 cm\)) and
stands (growth / acre), with associated sampling errors, within
ecoregion subsections which surround the Appalachian National Scenic
Trail. We produced estimates for each FIA reporting year which was
common among all states included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the
exception of 2008).
Forest demographic rates
We used rFIA to estimate average recruitment, mortality,
and removal rates for trees (\(DBH >= 12.7
cm\)), with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion
subsections which surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We
produced estimates for each FIA reporting year which was common among
all states included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of
2008).
Regeneration abundance
We used rFIA to estimate average abundance of live
saplings (\(2.5 cm < DBH >= 12.7
cm\)), with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion
subsections which surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We
produced estimates for each FIA reporting year which was common among
all states included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of
2008).
Snag abundance
We used rFIA to estimate average abundance and biomass
of standing dead trees (\(DBH >= 12.7
cm\)), with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion
subsections which surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We
produced estimates for each FIA reporting year which was common among
all states included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of
2008).
Down woody material abundance
We used rFIA to estimate average down woody debris
volume, biomass, and carbon by fuel class, with associated sampling
errors, within ecoregion subsections which surround the Appalachian
National Scenic Trail. We produced estimates for each FIA reporting year
which was common among all states included in the analysis (2010,
2014-2016).
Invasive plant abundance
We used rFIA to estimate coverage of invasive plant
species, with associated sampling errors, within ecoregion subsections
which surround the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. We produced
estimates for each FIA reporting year which was common among all states
included in the analysis (2005-2016, with the exception of 2008).